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[382] Snowden made asylum requests to Sweden, Norway, Finland and Denmark. Snowden was granted a freedom of speech award by the Oslo branch of the writer's group PEN International. So what do they do? According to SVT News, Snowden met with three Swedish MP's; Matthias Sundin (L), Jakop Dalunde (MP) and Cecilia Magnusson (M), in Moscow, to discuss his views on mass surveillance. [228][229][215] An anonymous U.S. official not authorized to discuss the matter told the Associated Press Snowden's passport had been revoked before he left Hong Kong, but that a senior official in a country or airline could order subordinates to overlook the withdrawn passport. I had raised these complaints not just officially in writing through email, but to my supervisors, to my colleagues, in more than one office. "[179] In the wake of Snowden's revelations and in response to an inquiry from the Left Party, Germany's domestic security agency Bundesamt fr Verfassungsschutz (BfV) investigated and found no concrete evidence that the U.S. conducted economic or industrial espionage in Germany. [348], In September 2016, the bipartisan U.S. House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence completed a review of the Snowden disclosures and said that the federal government would have to spend millions of dollars responding to the fallout from Snowden's disclosures. "There's actually not that much difference," Snowden said in an interview with the . [34], In his May 2014 interview with NBC News, Snowden accused the U.S. government of trying to use one position here or there in his career to distract from the totality of his experience, downplaying him as a "low-level analyst." what does edward snowden do for work now. And then we end up shooting back at a Russian hospital. What is new is the stronger allegation about Russia, meaning . ", "Exclusive: NSA contractor hired Snowden despite concerns about resume discrepancies", "U.S. Edward Snowden flees Hong Kong seeking asylum: After the US filed charges against him and stepped up efforts to pressure Hong Kong to extradite him, whistleblower Edward Snowden flees Hong. [275], In a letter to Russian Minister of Justice Aleksandr Konovalov dated July 23, 2013, U.S. Attorney General Eric Holder repudiated Snowden's claim to refugee status and offered a limited validity passport good for direct return to the U.S.[276] He stated that Snowden would not be subject to torture or the death penalty, and would receive a trial in a civilian court with proper legal counsel. The reactions of those I told about the scale of the constitutional violations ranged from deeply concerned to appalled, but no one was willing to risk their jobs, families, and possibly even freedom to go to [sic] through what [Thomas Andrews] Drake did. Sweden ultimately rejected Snowden's asylum, however, so the award was accepted by his father, Lon Snowden, on his behalf. [107][108] In April 2015, the Henry Jackson Society, a British neoconservative think tank, published a report claiming that Snowden's intelligence leaks negatively impacted Britain's ability to fight terrorism and organized crime. Edward Snowden: A Timeline - NBC News He was looking at me like I killed Ed,Lindsay described one officer. [218], On June 23, 2013, Snowden landed at Moscow's Sheremetyevo Airport. " ", "Putin says Snowden at Russian airport, signals no extradition", "N.S.A. [53], In 2009, Snowden began work as a contractee for Dell,[54] which manages computer systems for multiple government agencies. [47] In June 2014, Snowden told Wired that his job as a security guard required a high-level security clearance, for which he passed a polygraph exam and underwent a stringent background investigation. Whistleblower Edward Snowden says he has been working harder and doing more significant things while in exile in Russia than he did while being a contractor for the National Security Agency (NSA). [163] In December, Australia's Minister for Defence David Johnston said his government assumed the worst was yet to come. [30], In May 2006, Snowden wrote in Ars Technica that he had no trouble getting work because he was a "computer wizard". Extradition", "China Said to Have Made Call to Let Leaker Depart", "HKSAR Government issues statement on Edward Snowden", "Hong Kong did not assist Snowden's departure", "Woman who sheltered Edward Snowden is granted asylum in Canada", "New life in Montreal for family that helped Edward Snowden flee to Hong Kong", "Snowden stopping in Moscow en route to Cuba, Russian says", "Edward Snowden lands in Moscow, likely bound for Ecuador", "Fidel Castro labels libelous report Cuba blocked Snowden travel", "Russian media report: How Snowden missed his flight to Cuba", "Snowden got stuck in Russia after Cuba blocked entry: newspaper", "Snowden stayed at Russian Consulate while in Hong Kong, report says", " : . Nine years after getting stranded in Moscow unexpectedly, American whistleblower Edward Snowden was granted full Russian citizenship by President Vladimir Putin on Monday. Where Is Edward Snowden Amid the Russian Invasion of Ukraine? "[320] Top members of the House Armed Services Committee immediately voiced strong opposition to a pardon, saying Snowden's actions resulted in "tremendous harm" to national security, and that he needed to stand trial. He described the NSA's PRISM program as the U.S. government using businesses to collect data for them, and that the NSA "intentionally misleads corporate partners" using, as an example, the Bullrun decryption program to create backdoor access. [15], In April 2021, Snowden appeared at a Canadian investment conference sponsored by Sunil Tulsiani, a former policeman who had been barred from trading for life after dishonest behavior. Chief Calls Damage From Snowden Leaks Manageable", "NSA: Snowden leaks hurt ability to track terrorists", "British spies 'moved after Snowden files read', "Snowden leaks: undermining security or defending privacy? [30][48] The Agency assigned him to the global communications division at CIA headquarters in Langley, Virginia. Poitras, who won best documentary for the 2014 Edward Snowden film "Citizenfour," juxtaposes exchanges with Goldin surveying her life and work with footage of Goldin leading dramatic protests . @lsjourneys https://t.co/eTjj5TDDDG. He cited a lack of whistleblower protection for government contractors, the use of the Espionage Act of 1917 to prosecute leakers and the belief that had he used internal mechanisms to "sound the alarm," his revelations "would have been buried forever. Edward Snowden: 'I work a lot more now than I did at the NSA' Biz Carson. He has revealed many global surveillance programs which have been run by the NSA and the Five Eyes Intelligence Alliance. Snowden said in July 2013 that he decided to bid for asylum in Russia because he felt there was no safe way to reach Latin America. [62] While intelligence officials have described his position there as a system administrator, Snowden has said he was an infrastructure analyst, which meant that his job was to look for new ways to break into Internet and telephone traffic around the world. What did Edward Snowden do after he blew the whistle? 'Leaker Leaves Hong Kong, Local Officials Say', "Daily Briefing by Press Secretary Jay Carney, 6/24/2013", "AP Source: NSA leaker Snowden's passport revoked", "Statement from Edward Snowden in Moscow", "Did Edward Snowden just evade the US justice system? [232] No direct flights between Moscow and Venezuela, Bolivia, or Nicaragua existed, however, and the U.S. pressured countries along his route to hand him over. "[221] Describing Snowden's arrival in Moscow as a surprise and likening it to "an unwanted Christmas gift,"[226] Russian president Putin said that Snowden remained in the transit area of Sheremetyevo Airport, had committed no crime in Russia, was free to leave and should do so. And while some still view Snowden as a criminal or traitor, some see him as a brave whistleblower who revealed just how exposed our data, and our lives, can be. [189], Snowden vowed to challenge any extradition attempt by the U.S. government, and engaged a Hong Kong-based Canadian human rights lawyer Robert Tibbo as a legal adviser. Her parents influence on her career, Where is Mary Roach from American Idol now? [449], NSA sub-contractee as an employee at Dell, NSA sub-contractee as an employee at Booz Allen Hamilton, Potential impact on U.S. national security, Eric Holder letter to Russian Justice Minister, Government Communications Security Bureau, U.S. District Court for the District of Maryland, U.S. [301] In November 2020, Snowden announced that he and his wife, Lindsay, who was expecting their son in late December, were applying for dual U.S.-Russian citizenship in order not to be separated from him "in this era of pandemics and closed borders. The conference was held at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and was the first such time Snowden spoke via teleconference using a full free software stack, end-to-end. [30] Rather than returning to school, he passed the GED test[12] and took classes at Anne Arundel Community College. In Russia, he's safe, he's well-regarded, and that is not likely to change. ", "Wie die CIA sich in Genf Bankdaten beschaffte", "Swiss president would back criminal probe against NSA leaker", "How Edward Snowden went from loyal NSA contractor to whistleblower", "Snowden downloaded NSA secrets while working for Dell, sources say", "How China's surveillance state was a mirror to the US for whistle-blower Edward Snowden", "Rsum Shows Snowden Honed Hacking Skills", "What Was Edward Snowden Doing in India? [61], At the time of his departure from the U.S. in May 2013, he had been employed for 15 months inside the NSA's Hawaii regional operations center, which focuses on the electronic monitoring of China and North Korea,[4] first for Dell and then for two months with Booz Allen Hamilton. "[69][84] In March 2014, during testimony to the European Parliament, Snowden wrote that before revealing classified information he had reported "clearly problematic programs" to ten officials, who he said did nothing in response. Nosey Smurf - Has the ability to make use of the phone's microphone to listen to conversations and noise in the local area. ", "Trump once demanded Edward Snowden's execution for giving 'serious information' to Russia", "Trump says he is considering pardon for leaker Edward Snowden", "Top House Armed Services lawmakers warn against Trump pardoning Snowden", "Trump Says He Will 'Take A Look' At Pardoning Edward Snowden", "Daniel Ellsberg Calls Edward Snowden A 'Hero,' Says NSA Leak Was Most Important in American History", "Edward Snowden: saving us from the United Stasi of America", "Clapper: Leaks are 'literally gut-wrenching,' leaker being sought", "Ex-CIA director: Snowden should be 'hanged' if convicted for treason", "FBI director says U.S. will hold Snowden responsible on NSA leak", "Snowden leaks severely hurt U.S. security, two House members say", "Ron Paul starts Snowden clemency petition", "The Switchboard: Ron Paul starts petition for Snowden clemency", "Booz Allen Exec Describes How Snowden Deceived His Former Employer", "Jimmy Carter says he would consider pardoning Edward Snowden", "Hillary Clinton: Edward Snowden's Leaks Helped Terrorists", "Edward Snowden should have right to legal defence in US, says Hillary Clinton", "Kerry: Edward Snowden should "man up" and come home", "Edward Snowden's NSA leaks 'an important service', says Al Gore", "Ashton Carter, passed over before, gets picked by Obama to be defense secretary", "Rieder: Snowden's NSA bombshell sparks debate", "US won't 'scramble jets' to capture 'hacker' Snowden, Obama says", "Obama refuses to barter for Edward Snowden", "Obama downplays Snowden case, says US not 'scrambling jets' to get 'hacker', "Fact-checking Obama's claims about Snowden", "Going the Distance: On and off the road with Barack Obama", "Hillary Clinton and Bernie Sanders call for Edward Snowden to face trial", "Snowden bides for political asylum in Brazil", "Eric Holder says Edward Snowden performed a 'public service', "Executive Summary of Review of the Unauthorized Disclosures of Former National Security Agency Contractor Edward Snowden", "Hollywood and Washington battle to define Snowden's image", "The House Intelligence Committee's Terrible, Horrible, Very Bad Snowden Report", "White House insists James Clapper will not lead NSA surveillance review", "Obama's 'outside experts' surveillance review panel has deep ties to gov't", "Obama panel recommends new limits on N.S.A. Edward Snowden Speaks Out: 'I Haven't And I Won't' Cooperate With - NPR No, not a presidential pardon the fugitive whistleblower had his first child, a baby. Bush. [303][304], Snowden has said that, in the 2008 presidential election, he voted for a third-party candidate, though he "believed in Obama's promises." U.S. court: Mass surveillance program exposed by Snowden was illegal Non-profit betrayals were not considered. [199], Four months after Snowden received asylum in Russia, Julian Assange commented: "While Venezuela and Ecuador could protect him in the short term, over the long term there could be a change in government. [110], Snowden's decision to leak NSA documents developed gradually following his March 2007 posting as a technician to the Geneva CIA station. "This is a dark moment in our nation's history, but it is not . [160] The NSA and the GCHQ were also shown to be surveilling charities including UNICEF and Mdecins du Monde, as well as allies such as European Commissioner Joaqun Almunia and Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu. Edward Snowden is a former NSA contractor who leaked highly classified information from the agency in 2013. [198] Ben Wizner, a lawyer with the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) and legal adviser to Snowden, said in January 2014, "Every news organization in the world has been trying to confirm that story. The Snowden Revelations. It's now almost two years on, since | by Later that year he added a caveat, tweeting "if it and he could reveal Obama's [birth] records, I might become a major fan". Said to Search Content of Messages to and From U.S.", "NSA tracking cellphone locations worldwide, Snowden documents show", "N.S.A. Evaluate the actions of Edward Snowden and determine if he should . However, Snowden's potential status as a Whistleblower under the 1989 Act is not directly addressed in the criminal complaint against him in the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia (see below) (Case No. I thought I had gotten off of the plane in the wrong country it was terrifying. [447] Snowden grossed a total of $37,357,216 at the box office worldwide. [70], A former NSA co-worker[71] said that although the NSA was full of smart people, Snowden was a "genius among geniuses" who created a widely implemented backup system for the NSA and often pointed out security flaws to the agency. Snowden said that having the document gave him "the confidence, the courage to get on that plane to begin the journey". [264] On July 24, Kucherena said his client wanted to find work in Russia, travel and create a life for himself, and had already begun learning Russian. [41] He did not complete the training[19] due to bilateral tibial stress fractures,[42][43] and was discharged on September 28, 2004. "[312] Snowden disliked Obama's economic policies, was against Social Security, and favored Ron Paul's call for a return to the gold standard. It should be about the gnawing questions his actions raised from the shadows. [246] Ecuador had initially offered Snowden a temporary travel document but later withdrew it,[247] and Correa later called the offer a mistake. [240] Morales blamed the U.S. for putting pressure on European countries and said that the grounding of his plane was a violation of international law. We can't tolerate that. Germany later blocked Snowden from testifying in person in an NSA inquiry, citing a potential grave strain on US-German relations.[381]. "These attacks can be spoofed," said Snowden. Despite that, he admits that the way people in the US perceive him has softened in recent years. Seven years after former National Security Agency contractor Edward Snowden blew the whistle on the mass surveillance of Americans' telephone records, an appeals court has found the program was . [18], On June 2, 2015, the U.S. Senate passed, and President Obama signed, the USA Freedom Act which restored in modified form several provisions of the Patriot Act that had expired the day before, while for the first time imposing some limits on the bulk collection of telecommunication data on U.S. citizens by American intelligence agencies. what does edward snowden do for work now - latynosimowia.org Edward Snowden Tells NPR: The Executive Branch 'Sort Of Hacked The Constitution'. [12] A week after publication of his leaks began, Ars Technica confirmed that Snowden had been an active participant at the site's online forum from 2001 through May 2012, discussing a variety of topics under the pseudonym "TheTrueHOOHA. Edward Snowden . [186] Snowden said, "There's no saving an intelligence community that believes it can lie to the public and the legislators who need to be able to trust it and regulate its actions. The Big Reason Why Snowden Is Turning To Russia For Citizenship [380] What Languages Does Edward Snowden Speak? PerCNBC,Snowden opined that authorities should have no access to peoples information: It was meant to protect us, to shelter us from the institutional behemoths that sort of marched in the cities of our day, whether its the modern time or the time before. He said that the NSA had copies of emails he sent to their Office of General Counsel, oversight, and compliance personnel broaching "concerns about the NSA's interpretations of its legal authorities. So when they say I'm a low-level systems administrator, that I don't know what I'm talking about, I'd say it's somewhat misleading. [1] On December 1, Snowden swore an oath of allegiance to Russia and received a Russian passport, according to his lawyer. [290] In 2017, his temporary residency permit was extended for another three years. "[68][69] Booz Allen terminated Snowden's employment on June 10, 2013, the day after he went public with his story, and 3 weeks after he had left Hawaii on a leave of absence. [216] Assange also asked Fidel Narvez, consul at the Ecuadorian embassy in London, to sign an emergency travel document for Snowden. He was working for the NSA up until he leaked the documents, which made himself a whistleblower. A new Russian law means that he could become a dual citizen. [136], On June 5, 2013, media reports documenting the existence and functions of classified surveillance programs and their scope began and continued throughout the entire year. Edward Snowden leaked thousands of National Security Agency (NSA) documents to journalists that detailed the intelligence agency's mass surveillance of the public. So it's, I would say, illustrative that the president would choose to say someone should face the music when he knows the music is a show trial. What Did Edward Snowden Do? The Historic NSA Leak Oliver Stone and written by Stone and Kieran Fitzgerald, was released in 2016. Snowden then filed a lawsuit for free passage through Norway in order to receive his freedom of speech award, through Oslo's District Court, followed by an appeals court, and finally Norway's Supreme Court. Snowden remains exiled in Russia, but his impact continues to be felt by governments worldwide. "[295], Pentagon Papers leaker Daniel Ellsberg called Snowden's release of NSA material the most significant leak in U.S. Glenn Greenwald said Snowden was motivated by a need to "ingratiate himself to the people of Hong Kong and China. Snowden, speaking to a Geneva, Switzerland audience via video link from Moscow, said he would love to return to Geneva, where he had previously worked undercover for the CIA. "[177] Leaked slides revealed in Greenwald's book No Place to Hide, released in May 2014, showed that the NSA's stated objective was to "Collect it All," "Process it All," "Exploit it All," "Partner it All," "Sniff it All" and "Know it All. The people are friendly. [148], It was revealed that the NSA was harvesting millions of email and instant messaging contact lists,[149] searching email content,[150] tracking and mapping the location of cell phones,[151] undermining attempts at encryption via Bullrun[152][153] and that the agency was using cookies to piggyback on the same tools used by Internet advertisers "to pinpoint targets for government hacking and to bolster surveillance. Snowden leak. [63] An anonymous source told Reuters that, while in Hawaii, Snowden may have persuaded 2025 co-workers to give him their login credentials by telling them he needed them to do his job. According to the paper Sonntags Zeitung, Snowden would be granted safe entry and residency in Switzerland, in return for his knowledge of American intelligence activities. [92] The bulk of the report is classified. "[119], In May 2013, Snowden was permitted temporary leave from his position at the NSA in Hawaii, on the pretext of receiving treatment for his epilepsy. [297][298] The new permanent residence permit must be replaced three times in a lifetime like an ordinary internal passport for Russian citizens. He was peddling it around like a commercial merchant. Ilyushina, Mary. In December 2013, ten days after Judge Leon's ruling, Judge William H. Pauley III came to the opposite conclusion. "[61] Despite these measures, the improper redaction of a document by The New York Times resulted in the exposure of intelligence activity against al-Qaeda. [277] The same day, the Russian president's spokesman reiterated that his government would not hand over Snowden, commenting that Putin was not personally involved in the matter and that it was being handled through talks between the FBI and Russia's FSB. [147] The agencies were allotted $52billion for the 2013 fiscal year. [282], On September 17, 2019, the United States filed a lawsuit, Civil Action No. [124] Greenwald later said Snowden disclosed 9,000 to 10,000 documents. Everything you need to know about PRISM - The Verge 'I have to work a lot harder' in Russia than at NSA - Edward Snowden The report found that Snowden's revelations were important for people everywhere and made "a deep and lasting impact on law, policy, and politics. [15]) In 2017, Snowden secretly married Lindsay Mills. [446], The film Snowden, based on Snowden's leaking of classified US government material, directed by [183], In an August 2014 interview, Snowden for the first time disclosed a cyberwarfare program in the works, codenamed MonsterMind, that would automate the detection of a foreign cyberattack as it began and automatically fire back. degrees of Mens Rea (guilty mind), and the relationship of such considerations to the First Amendment framework of protections of free speech are also analyzed. He said he'd worked for the NSA undercover overseas, and for the DIA had developed sources and methods to keep information and people secure "in the most hostile and dangerous environments around the world. Snowden appears to still be in Russia, but that may change. ", "Edward Snowden says the government isn't hiding aliens - but that doesn't mean they don't exist", "US Sues Whistleblower Snowden Over New Book", "Edward Snowden, after months of NSA revelations, says his mission's accomplished", "A Vindicated Snowden Says He'd Like to Come Home", "Snowden: I raised NSA concerns internally over 10 times before going rogue", "U.S. officials, Snowden clash over e-mail records", "NSA says it has no record of Snowden challenging spying", "Edward Snowden speaks to the Council of Europe on improving the protection of whistleblowers", "CODA: Edward Snowden, National Security Whistleblowing, and Civil Disobedience", "Edward Snowden, National Security Whistleblowing and Civil Disobedience", "Review of the Unauthorized Disclosures of Former National Security Agency Contractor Edward Snowden", "Officials Say U.S. May Never Know Extent of Snowden's Leaks", "Edward Snowden stole up to 20,000 Australian files", "David Miranda row: Seized files 'endanger agents', "NSA chief says Snowden leaked up to 200,000 secret documents", "Pentagon Says Snowden Took Most U.S. In 2016, from Russia, Snowden participated in the creation ceremony of the zcash cryptocurrency as John Dobbertin, by briefly holding a part of the private cryptographic key for the zcash genesis block, before destroying it. "[347], At the end of 2013, The Washington Post said that the public debate and its offshoots had produced no meaningful change in policy, with the status quo continuing. Evans love life explored, Where are ABBA now? Where is Edward Snowden now and what did he do? | GoodTo According to many legal experts, and the U.S. government, his actions violated the Espionage Act of 1917, which identified the leak of state secrets as an act of treason. . If I have time to go through this information, I would like to make it available to journalists in each country. Phone Data Program", "Watch Top U.S. Intelligence Officials Repeatedly Deny NSA Spying On Americans Over The Last Year (Videos)", "NSA whistleblower, Edward Snowden, confirms he will stay in Hong Kong and resist US extradition attempts", "CNN Newsroom Transcripts: NSA Leaker Revealed; More on the Santa Monica Shooting; Apple Fans & Investors Watch and Wait; George Zimmerman Trials Begins", "Behind Snowden's Hong Kong exit: fear and persuasion", "Whistle-blower Edward Snowden tells SCMP: 'Let Hong Kong people decide my fate', "Greenwald: Snowden's Files Are Out There if 'Anything Happens' to Him", "Refugees who helped Edward Snowden now look to Canada as their only hope", "After Edward Snowden Fled U.S., Asylum Seekers in Hong Kong Took Him In", "Report: Snowden stayed at Russian consulate while in Hong Kong", "Snowden Calls Russian-Spy Story "Absurd" in Exclusive Interview", "Edward Snowden passed time in airport reading and surfing internet", "Snowden "asked Russian diplomats in Hong Kong for help" - Putin", "Snowden is in 'safe place' waiting for his father to discuss future", "US revokes NSA leaker Edward Snowden's passport, as he reportedly seeks asylum in Ecuador", "Offering Snowden Aid, WikiLeaks Gets Back in the Game", "Snowden leaves Hong Kong; final destination unclear", "Whistleblower Edward Snowden on Trump, Obama & How He Ended Up in Russia to Avoid U.S. [390], Support for Snowden came from Latin and South American leaders including the Argentinian President Cristina Fernndez de Kirchner, Brazilian President Dilma Rousseff, Ecuadorian President Rafael Correa, Bolivian President Evo Morales, Venezuelan President Nicols Maduro, and Nicaraguan President Daniel Ortega. Putin grants Russian citizenship to Edward Snowden : NPR Edward Snowdens Twitter page states that he used to work for the government but is now a public servant. [127] In February 2014, for reporting based on Snowden's leaks, journalists Glenn Greenwald, Laura Poitras, Barton Gellman and The Guardians Ewen MacAskill were honored as co-recipients of the 2013 George Polk Award, which they dedicated to Snowden. Yes, Really", "Secret Sources: Whistleblowers, National Security, and Free Expression", "In exile, Edward Snowden rakes in speaking fees while hoping for a pardon", "Libreplanet 2016: The Last Lighthouse: Free Software In Dark Times", "LibrePlanet begins with Snowden, ends with DRM protest", "Edward Snowden: Privacy can't depend on corporations standing up to the government", "Snowden Used Free Software Because He Was Afraid of Backdoors in Microsoft Apps", "Against the Law: Countering Lawful Abuses of Digital Surveillance", "Edward Snowden's New Research Aims to Keep Smartphones From Betraying Their Owners", "Snowden Designs a Device to Warn if Your iPhone's Radios Are Snitching", "Edward Snowden designs phone case to show when data is being monitored", "Edward Snowden co-designs an iPhone case that alerts user to surveillance activity", "Edward Snowden has taken $1.2m in speaking fees in exile, US filing says", "Canadian whom Edward Snowden called out for past involvement in a multi-million dollar scheme says he's 'worked hard to move on', "This "quasi-criminally" charged investor invited Edward Snowden to speak at conference, and Snowden exposed him", "The Snowden Effect: definition and examples", "What the Press Should Learn From the 'Snowden Effect', "The Snowden Effect Hits Congress: Will Effective Crowdsourced Lobbying Follow?