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Abul Fazl translated into Persian many outstanding Sanskrit works, such as, the. After his family, Godhara of another family ruled (I.95). Waged a war against the Tantrins with help of their rivals (known as Ekanga), but was defeated and killed. It is the 25th most populated city in India, located on the banks of River Vaigai. What was the name of Persian translation of Rajatarangini? A town named Shihabud-dinpura aka Shadipur was founded by him. [7] Romila Thapar equates Jalauka to Kunala, stating that "Jalauka" is an erroneous spelling caused by a typographical error in Brahmi script. A virtuous king, he was seduced and killed by a woman named Vatta, along with several of his sons and grandsons. (Stay up to date on new book releases, reviews, and more with The Hindu On Books newsletter. His son Jayendra was followed by Samdhimati-Aryaraja (34 BCE-17 CE) who had the soul of Jayendra's minister Sandhimati. 1 Critically Edited by Walter Slaje with an Annotated Translation, Indexes and Maps. Thus (IV.678) is Book IV verse 678. [15], Sultan Shamsu'd-Din Shah was succeeded by his elder son Sultan Jamshid who ruled for a year and two months. According to Kalhana, this king "did not speak the language of the gods but used vulgar speech fit for drunkards, showed that he was descended from a family of spirit-distillers" (Stein's translation). Comments have to be in English, and in full sentences. This article examines two translations of the textone "Orientalist" and the other "nationalist"with the purpose of interrogating these categories, by drawing out the complex engagement between European and indigenous ideas, and the dialogue between past and present that informed their production. Several coins of a king named Toramana have been found in the Kashmir region. issues of East, South, and Southeast Asia, as well as a large book review These include: A television series based on Rajatarangini named Meeras was begun in 1986 in Doordarshan Srinagar. They accepted that this late work was a one-of-a-kind exemption in 3,000 years of Sanskrit abstract culture, which they blamed for totally inadequate regarding a feeling of history even as it had large amounts of sacred writing and folklore. Abu l-Fadl Allami, Nizam al-Din and Firishta also state [8] Aryarajas were mostly Hindus. . He died after hearing about the false news of Sandhimati's death. Salhana was deposed and imprisoned. Hari Parbat is visible in the background. This was drained by the great rishi or sage, Kashyapa, son of Marichi, son of Brahma, by cutting the gap in the hills at Baramulla, derived from Sanskrit (Boar's Molar), (Varaha) meaning Boar + (Mula) meaning deep or root. that the material was genuinely picky. Neither in style nor in authenticity do these works approximate the quality of Kalhanas Rajatarangini. To avoid this outcome, the king married his daughter Anangalekha to Durlabhavardhana, a handsome but non-royal man from Ashvaghama. Answer: A) Abdul Fazi. Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. sfn error: no target: CITEREFBalochRafiq1998 (, sfn error: no target: CITEREFSchimmel1980 (, Last edited on 23 February 2023, at 23:00, Baharistan-i-Shahi Chapter 3 EARLY SHAHMIRS, "Buddhism and Islam in Kashmir as Represented by Rjataragi Authors", "This book claims to expose the myths behind Kashmir's history. . He lies buried in the Gorstan e Shahi in Srinagar. Nevertheless, multiple scholars identify Kalhana's Ashoka with the Mauryan emperor Ashoka. Barring a successful invasion of Ladakh, Sikandar did not annex any new territory. Like the Shahnameh is to Persia, the Rajatarangini is to Kashmir. orders. 'Great King')[29] and ruled from 1418 to 1470. and interdisciplinary publications, both books and journals. It is a Sanskrit file of the diverse look of Islam. Verse 12. How much stuff can you bring on deployment? Explanation: In 1574 Akbar started a Maktab Khana or a house of translation works in Fatehpur Sikri.
Persian Literature: How Kashmir Came To Be Known As 'Little Iran' [21] Even where the kings mentioned in the first three books are historically attested, Kalhana's account suffers from chronological errors. Concerning past occasions, Kalhana wrote that the material was genuinely picky. The Hindi translation of Pandeya Ram Tej is another well-acclaimed book. Subsequent English translations of Kalhana's Rajatarangini include: Several books containing legendary stories from Rajatarangini have been compiled by various authors. It covers the whole range of history in the Kashmir district from the earliest times to the date of its synthesis. Regarding the events of the past, Kalhanas search for material was truly fastidious. Rajatarangini belongs. Book VII brings the narrative to the death of King Harsha (1101), and Book VIII deals with the stormy events between the death of Harsha and the stabilization of authority under Kalhanas contemporary Jayasimha (reigned 112849). Gave lands to Brahmins. Book III starts with an account of the reign of Meghavahana of the restored line of Gonanda and refers to the brief reign of Matrigupta, a supposed contemporary of Vikramaditya Harsha of Malwa. An astrologer prophesied that his son-in-law would succeed him as the king. But oddly enough, no translation of the work into Malayalam had been attempted all this time until Raman Menon, a scholar and author of numerous books in Malayalam including an extensive commentary of He was a devout Shaivite, and his reign was marked by peace. It covers the whole range of history in the Kashmir district from the earliest times to its synthesis. [12] Kashmiri scholar N. K. Zutshi, having critically examined the sources, reconciles the two versions by noting that the Persian chronicles mentions Swadgir rather than Swat, which he interprets as Swadgabar, meaning "suburbs of Gabar", which coincides with Jonaraja's description of Panchagahvara-Simani (on the borders of Panchagagvara). In fact, the history of Kashmir was continued, along Kalhanas line, down to some years after the annexation of Kashmir by the Mughal emperor Akbar (1586) in the following works: Rajatarangini (by Jonaraja), Jainatarangini (by Shrivara), and Rajavalipataka (by Prajyabhatta and Shuka). Raman Menons translation bears the signature of his scholarly skills, derived from mastery of both Sanskrit and Malayalam. After that, the English translation appeared under the aegis of the Asiatic Society in 1835 and the French translation in 1852. They cannot be abusive or personal. What are three different irrational numbers between the rational numbers 5 by 7 and 9 by 11? Jonaraja in his Dvitiya Rajatara? You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. Book I attempts to weave imaginary tales of Kashmir kings into epic legends. He was a vyavahari (perhaps merchant) who along with others who owned villages like him had set up little kingdoms during the last days of Karkotas. The Rajatarangini (in a real sense, River of Kings) is an awe-inspiring sonnet (mahakavya/prabandha) created in the old-style language, Sanskrit. The dynasty was established by Shah Mir in 1339 CE, there are two theories regarding Shah Mir's origin. Its apt choice of kavya (poetry), as felicitously described by Shonaleeka Kaul, makes for a versatile and flexible mode that can entertain the mythic and the folk alongside classical and conventionalised registers of imagination and representation.
Zain-ul-Abidin - Wikipedia It emerged in South Asia after its ancestor dialects were subtle there from the northwest inside the overdue Bronze Ag. [18][19] A welfare-state was installed oppressive taxes were abolished, and free schools and hospitals were commissioned. Suvrata's poem, though it has obtained celebrity, does not show dexterity in the exposition of the subject-matter, as it is rendered troublesome [reading] by misplaced learning. This refers to the fact that the power had passed to the brothers of a queen, who was born in a family of spirit-distillers. translator of the Rajataragini. He looked up a variety of epigraphic sources relating to royal eulogies, construction of temples, and land grants; he studied coins, monumental remains, family records, and local traditions. We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Kalhana states that Lalitaditya Muktapida conquered the tribes of the north and after defeating the. [18] Iinternal rebellions were ably suppressed. [a] He thinks it more likely that he was a descendant of Turkish or Persian immigrants to Swat, who had intermarried with local indigenous peoples. The Tusharas did not give a fight but fled to the mountain ranges leaving their horses in the battle field. ), Translations of Sanskrit Works at Akbar's Court, Politics of Time: Primitives and History-Writing in a Colonial Society, Buddhist History in the Vernacular: The Power of the Past in Late Medieval Sri Lanka, Travels in the Mogul Empire, A.D. 16561668, Ideology and Status of Sanskrit: Contributions to the History of the Sanskrit Language, Detailed Report of a Tour in Search of Sanskrit MSS. Sandhimati remained in prison for 10years. He was deposed by rebellious ministers, and granted asylum by a neighboring king. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Daulat Khan Lodi, Rana Sangam Singh, Zahiruddin Mohammad, Turkish and more.
He was given the title of Raja by the Mughal emperor Akbar Shah II in the year 1830 as he had gone to England as an envoy of the emperor. His customary applied system, involving careless presumptions and faith in the artists job as a type of moral sayings, makes the glorifying content in his story, especially for the early period, rather predominant. Check ' ' translations into Persian. Sikander Lodi was succeeded on the throne in 1489. He tried to abduct a Nga woman, who was the wife of a Brahmin. Gonandiya Baladitya made his officer in charge of fodder, Durlabhavardhana (III.489) his son-in-law because he was handsome. The Lohara family was founded by a Nara of Darvabhisara (IV.712). Corrections? Little is known about the author Kalhana (c. 12th century CE), apart from what is written in the book. The Rajataringini provides the earliest source on Kashmir that can be labeled as a historical text on this region. Copyright 2023, THG PUBLISHING PVT LTD. or its affiliated companies. Her son was Chippatajayapida. In those authorities, Abul Fazl interpreted Ramayana into Persian. Son of Parvagupta and husband of Didda (a member of the. In principle, it is for three reasons, specifically, the texts regard to sequence, causation, and (affirmed) objectivity, that European Orientalist researchers who concentrated on the text from the mid-nineteenth century onwards, called the Rajatarangini the solo work of history legitimate to rise out of old India. As history of Kashmir, it has its undoubted deficiencies in terms of conventional chronology and the complex tapestry of myth and legend that it has largely woven together as content, but then Sanskrit [5], Kalhana mentions that Gonanda I ascended the throne in 653 Kali calendar era. In 1380 C.E. The kings of Kashmir described in the Rjatarangi can be roughly grouped into dynasties as in the table below. Rajatarangini, paintings of Kalhana written by a 12th ce Answer. His flatters instigated him against his minister Sandhimati. The couple sheltered their citizens in the royal palace during a severe famine resulting from heavy frost. Rajatarangini s first translation into a foreign language was as long ago as in the first decade of the 13th century, by Haidar Malik into Persian. Rajatarangini 's first translation into a foreign language was as long ago as in the first decade of the 13th century, by Haidar Malik into Persian. He wanted his court poets to interpret the Sanskrit books Rajatarangini, Ramayana, and Mahabharata into the Persian language. [3] The work consists of 7826 verses, which are divided between eight books called tarangas ("waves"). Owing to a certain want of care, there is not a single part in Ksemendra's "List of Kings" (Nrpavali) free from mistakes, though it is the work of a poet. Verse 15. The author Kalhana was a son of a minister of Harsha of this family. Learn more topics related to Ancient History of India, Download lessons and learn anytime, anywhere with the Unacademy app, Access free live classes and tests on the app. Murdered his father, and starved his half-brothers to death. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. Copyright 2019 Sawaal.com | All Rights Reserved. Kalhana describes Shamkaravarman (883902) thus (Stein's trans. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. [27], He was the seventh ruler of the Shah Mir Dynasty, and reigned between 1413 and 1420. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Rajatarangini ("The River of Kings") is a metrical legendary and historical chronicle of the north-western part of India, particularly the kings of Kashmir. [6], The Gonanda dynasty ruled Kashmir for 1002 years. November 1941, offering Asianists a wealth of information unavailable Rajatarangini, (Sanskrit: River of Kings) historical chronicle of early India, written in Sanskrit verse by the Kashmiri Brahman Kalhana in 1148, that is justifiably considered to be the best and most authentic work of its kind. Verse 12. From the regulation of commodities to the reviving of old crafts, Abidin did everything for overall development of Kashmir and his subjects. Among other things that fall within its wide sweep, the work contains references not only to such things as the countrys episodic encounters with China across the border, but also to the depredations of Mahmud Ghazni in Kashmirs neighbourhood around 1013 that portended the eventual Islamic conquest of Kashmir, the land variously heirs to the spiritual heritage of Hindu, Buddhist and Jain faiths. He brought back the Brahmans who had fled from Kashmir following the treachery of Mirza. Rajatarangini was translated into Persian by Zain-ul-Abidin order. The Rajatarangini is a Sanskrit account of the various monarchies of Kashmir, prior to the advent of Islam. Hostname: page-component-7fc98996b9-5r7zs
Rajatarangini - Wikipedia Kalhana's account closes in the 22nd year of his reign. She was pregnant at the time of her husband's death, and Krishna helped her ascend the throne. The Loharas ruled for many generations.
Rajatarangini - Rajatarangini.pdf - [PDF Document] hasContentIssue true, Copyright The Association for Asian Studies, Inc. 2011, https://doi.org/10.1017/S0021911810002998, Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. [Studia Indologica Universitatis Halensis 7], SlajeWalter", "The COININDIA Coin Galleries: Sultans of Kashmir", Baharistan-i-Shahi: A Chronicle of Mediaeval Kashmir, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shah_Mir_dynasty&oldid=1141211558, Tomb of the Mother of Zain-ul-Abidin in Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, This page was last edited on 23 February 2023, at 23:00. [7][8] Some scholars state that the Panjgabbar valley was peopled by Khasas and so ascribe a Khasa ethnicity to Shah Mir. "useRatesEcommerce": false Died young. Eventually the Karkota dynasty ended and a grandson of Utpala became king. [dubious discuss] In fact, his translator Aurel Stein expressed the view that his was the only true Sanskrit history. Jonaraja became a Kashmiri antiquarian and Sanskrit writer.
PDF Translating the Past: Rethinking 'Rajatarangini' Narratives in - JSTOR Owing to the pervasive distraction of COVID-19, Malayalam readers may have missed a notable event: the first translation into their language of a 12th century Sanskrit classic, Zain ul Abidin, a 15th century ruler of Kashmir, appointed scribes to translate the Mahabharata and Kalhana's Rajatarangini into Persian with the aim that these translations would give an insight into Hindu philosophy and culture to the rest of the world. It covers the whole range of history in Kashmir from the earliest times to the date of its synthesis. The Mahabharata and Kalhana's Rajatarangini were translated into Persian by his order. Rajatarangini, Telugu translation by Renduchintala Lakshmi Narasimha Sastry, This page was last edited on 14 November 2022, at 18:27. Kalhana states that the valley of Kashmir was formerly a lake. [18] Waqfs were endowed to shrines, mosques were commissioned, numerous Sufi preachers were provided with jagirs and installed in positions of authority, and feasts were regularly held. The summary is from J.C. Dutt's translation. Who wrote Rajatarangini What does it tell us about? Established the city of. [5] According to Jonaraja, Shah Mir was the descendant of Partha Rajatharangini promises to arouse a great deal of interest among readers. Uninvolved personally in the maelstrom of contemporary politics, he nevertheless was profoundly affected by it and stated the following to be his ideal: That noble-minded poet alone merits praise whose word, like the sentence of a judge, keeps free from love or hatred in recording the past. Built a new city called Damodarasuda, and a dam called Guddasetu. According to the Mahabharata, the Kambojs ruled Kashmir during the epic period (The epic period is estimated to be roughly from 1000 to 600 BC, when some of the greatest epics such as; Ramayana and Mahabharata, came into being during this time). Running into almost 8000 stanzas that are inconsistently disseminated among eight books or areas, the. It is by late Vidwan T.K.
Translating the Past: Rethinking Rajatarangini Narratives in Colonial Does adding salt to water increase conductivity? Like the Shahnameh is to Persia, the Rajatarangini is to Kashmir. During Akbar's time the Ramayana and Mahabharata were also translated into Persian. Deposed by his half-brother Sangramapida. Taking action accordingly, regardless of initiating Kalhana an extraordinary student of history, Ramesh Chandra Majumdar2 discussed his exceptionally faulty strategy comprising in consideration of legendary or amazing lords, an ignorant religiosity in the Epics and Puranas (antiquated Indian kinds portraying the previous), confidence in black magic and sorcery, clarification of occasions as because of the impact of destiny instead of to any normal reason, an overall instructional propensity roused by Hindu perspectives on karma, and simple showcase of poetical and logical expertise. Romila Thapar additionally excused Kalhanas moralism and teaching. it has been transformed into Persian, Get subscription and access unlimited live and recorded courses from Indias best educators. In 1574 Akbar started a Maktab Khana or a house of translation works in Fatehpur Sikri. Qutbuddin died and was succeeded by his son Sultan Sikander also known as the Sikander Butshikand. (With his account of the Karkota dynasty, relatively recent at the time he wrote his chronicles, Kalhana's information becomes more consistent with other sources.). Jogesh Chandra Dutt in the late 19th century. Verse 14. [14], Shah Mir worked to establish Islam in Kashmir and was aided by his descendant rulers, specially Sikandar Butshikan. 0 0 Similar questions He allowed the Hindus to build their temples and follow the personal law according to the Dharmashastras. He was a religious king, and followed a near-ascetic lifestyle. Contextual translation of "poyu ta" from Persian into Tagalog. Verse 14. Its heyday was the 13th and 14th centuries, broadly the period straddling the phase of Sanskrit literature to which Researchers who showed up at this portrayal of the Rajatarangini as the first work of history, the last referenced drawing out the basic release of the Rajatarangini and its full English interpretation, which is perused right up til the present time. The status of Kalhana's poem Rajatarangini was mediated in colonial India in part through its English translations. Prominent among them were Kota Bhat and Udyashri. Get all the important information related to the Railway Exam including the process of application, important calendar dates, eligibility criteria, exam centers etc. These cookies ensure basic functionalities and security features of the website, anonymously. His access to minute details of contemporary court intrigues was almost direct: his father and uncle were both in the Kashmir court. Unacademy is Indias largest online learning platform. Son of Partha. The translation of the Mahabharata and Kalhana's Rajatarangini into Persian was its most outstanding achievement. Son of Vajraditya II and Massa. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings. Rajatarangini . Eleven works of former scholars containing the chronicles of the kings, I have inspected, as well as the [Purana containing the] opinions of the sage Nila. Rajatarangini can be a metric splendid and verifiable account of the north-western Indian subcontinent, mainly the lords of Kashmir. Hence the correct answer is Option B. Wife of Damodara. Jogesh Chandra Dutt in the late 19th century. Verse 7. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Since the battle was motive-less for the Delhi Sultanate peace concluded between them on a condition that all the territories from Sirhind to Kashmir belong to the Shah Mir empire. No examples found, consider adding one please.
Who translated Rajatarangini in Persian language? - GKToday 2 What was the name of Persian translation of Rajatarangini? Son of Lalitaditya and Kamaladevi. Despite these stated principles, and despite the value that historians have placed on Kalhana's work, there is little evidence of authenticity and a few inconsistencies in the earlier chapters of his book, especially the first three books. for primarily professional audiences (e.g., in law or medicine). In 1574 Akbar started a Maktab Khana or a house of translation works in Fatehpur Sikri. After that, the English translation. Horace Hayman Wilson partially translated the work, and wrote an essay based on it, titled The Hindu History of Kashmir (published in Asiatic Researches Volume 15). Kashmira Kerala paryanthaamganatantrenashasssitam, Rakshayantujanaasarve, ekachhatramimaammaheem (From Kashmir to Kerala extending and governed by democracy, may all the people protect this lands sovereign unity). He was a great-grandson of a Viradeva, a Kutumbi (V.469). Fairness: That noble-minded author is alone worthy of praise whose word, like that of a judge, keeps free from love or hatred in relating the facts of the past. The broad valley of Kashmir, also spelled Cashmere[2] is almost completely surrounded by the Great Himalayas and the Pir Panjal range. Son of Hiranyakula. Answer. Sanskrit works on medicine and music were also translated into Persian at his instance. Learn about a brief history of Adi Shankaracharya, one of the most revered teachers in India's spiritual history. Made king by the minister Shura. Zain-ul-Abidin is also called as Akbar of Kashmir and Shahjahan of Kashmir on account of religion and development respectively. Translations. The. , , are the top translations of "puhdas" into Persian. Jizya was abolished too in his command. A view of Ziyarat Naqshband Sahab from its yard. However, very little about those reigns are known anyway in compare to the later dynasties. Rajatarangini (Sanskrit: Waterway of Kings) recorded a narrative of early India reasonably viewed as awesome and the best work. [31] Arriving in Kashmir, Haidar installed as sultan the head of the Sayyid faction, Nazuk. In later years of his reign, he started patronizing unwise persons, and the wise courtiers deserted him. [6] Although "Jina" is a term generally associated with Jainism, some ancient sources use it to refer to the Buddha. Eleven works of former scholars containing the chronicles of the kings, I have inspected, as well as the [Purana containing the] opinions of the sage Nila. This king is identified by some with Huna ruler Toramana, although his successor Mihirakula is placed much earlier by Kalhana.[12]. As the result of the decline in linguistic oriented approaches, Translation Studies witnessed a move towards a more descriptive and cultural direction in the 1990s. Verse 13. Discuss, Ram Mohan Roy was given the title of Raja by. Answer.
Mughal contributions to literature and Music - KPSC Exam Free Notes Zain-ul-Abidin was the eighth sultan of Kashmir. Here, the emperor's top scribes and secretaries were given the task of translating a range of Sanskrit texts, including the Rajatarangini (The History of the Kings of Kashmir) and the Ramayana, into Persian. Learn how and when to remove this template message, "Early Medieval Kashmir Coinage A New Hoard and An Anomaly", Rajatarangini: The Saga of The Kings of Kasmir, Rajatarangini and the Making of India's Past, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rajatarangini&oldid=1121892347, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, Killed in a battle with by Krishna's friends. The chronicles only start to align with other evidence by book IV.